Visa and MasteCard Antitrust1 Essay Example For Students

Visa and MasteCard Antitrust1 Essay Duality, Monopoly and Government Failure Duality or unlawful strategic policies which one added to Visa and MasterCard achieving more than seventy-five percent of pieces of the overall industry. Who is truly to fault for Visa and MasterCard acquiring the capacity to corner the market; the administration; part banks; or Visa and MasterCard joint effort. The Department of Justice examination will deliver numerous issues to intently survey and consider. Exploring the courts transcript, discharged by the Department of Justice on the legislatures antitrust case examination; United States of America stanzas Visa International and MasterCard International Incorporated. uncovers how the administration may have been a significant supporter of Visa and MasterCard adequately acquiring market intensity of the broadly useful card systems. The legislature ought to have assessed the Worthens suit all the more intently. At the point when the Worthen Bank of Arkansas, a Visa part bank, needed to issue MasterCards universally useful cards, Visa embraced Bylaw 2.16 disallowing individuals bank from giving some other system card. Worthen sued Visa; expressing the Bylaw 2.16 abused segment 1 of the Sherman Act. The courts concurred with Worthen; expressing local law 2.16 in itself was essentially an infringement of the Sherman Act and administered judgment for Worthens benefit. Be that as it may, the Eighth Circuit court switched the choice and sent the case for retrial utilizing the standard of reason as the establishment. While anticipating trail Visa needed to force a progressively prohibitive standing rule, so they solicited the Department from Justice to survey their new proposed Business Review letter. The new strategy would not just preclude individuals from giving other universally useful cards, yet in addition restrict banks from giving card acknowledgment administration to some other card by and by in presence or card that may create later on too. The Department of Justice expressed, it could bolster the more prohibitive local law of Visa part banking just issue Visa cards, yet it was worried about the limitation of banks giving card acknowledgment administrations to dealers for the two systems. The Department of Justice accepted the local law may cripple the section of new financial cards and conceivably reduce rivalry in the business. Before the case was retried, Visas Board of Directories toppled Visas General Coun sel choice and allowed Visa part banks to issue MasterCards broadly useful cards and MasterCards Board of Directories consented to permit their part banks to give Visas universally useful cards. The legislature had no issues with Visa and MasterCard joint endeavor of permitting covering proprietorship and the double overseeing structure of the banks, that later got known as duality. Both Visa and MasterCard Board of Directors sent the Department of Justice letters expressing their business expectations; the letter expressed, when one board acts as for an issue the consequences of those activities are spread to the individuals that are individuals in the two associations. Accordingly, every one of the affiliations is a fishbowl and workplaces and board individuals know o f what the other is doing, significantly more so than in the ordinary professional workplace. One focal point to consider is, if the administration could anticipate the negative externalities that Visas Business Revi ew arrangement would have available structure, for what reason did it not predict the full ramifications that duality would have in the business? Visa and MasterCard may have at first gone into an affiliation, since they accepted duality would be the most straightforward and quickest method of settling their lawful contrasts. They had no idea of the effect their choice would have on the business and market structure. On a few events, part banks abused both area 1and 2 of the Sherman Act. In spite of the fact that there were no composed strategies or protects in set forestalling Visa and MasterCard from contending with one another, overseeing banks would frequently dismiss any executions of or decline to interests in any serious activities proposed by the different management.Officials at the most elevated level of Visa and MasterCard partnerships have openly and having sworn to tell the truth recognize co-possession and administration has essentially decreased rivalry. Visas Interna tional president and Chief Executive Officer affirmed, Visa was a superior association before duality. He likewise expressed their gatherings of banks needed to help Visa and go beat up MasterCard and the individuals who upheld MasterCard banks needed to go beat up on Visa. In any case, it was difficult for them to make a forceful stride against one another, on the grounds that some Board of Directors was an individual from the two banks and they would not permit any opposition. The President of MasterCard International and General Counsel composed a letter to the Department of Justice guaranteeing part banks saw Visa and MasterCards relationship as correlative and are disappointed when one endeavor to upgrade itself at the others cost; in this manner, making it difficult to contend in specific zones. He affirmed: It is evident that due to duality you don't see MasterCard and Visa assaulting each other in the commercial center. .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .postImageUrl , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:hover , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:visited , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:active { border:0!important; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:active , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:hover { haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u69dec510 646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Fantasy's Integral Role In The Creation Of A Kille Essay The part banks shielded the activities by concentrating on the openness of broadly useful cards in the marker and rivalry between card backers; reacting that card guarantors vie for cardholders concerning loan costs, yearly cardholder expenses, installment terms and conditions. Subsequently, it isn't fundamental for Visa and MasterCard to rival each other. As time passed, Visa and MasterCard understood the focal points duality furnished them and they started working together with administering banks by embraced rules and strategies precluding part banks from working with other universally useful card systems, for example, American Express and Discover/Novus. While trying to finish in the card systems, American Express built up a solitary vendor terminal that would acknowledge and process all system universally useful cards, Visa and MasterCard abused Section 2 of the Clayton by ordering another guideline prohibiting part banks to process their cards. Be that as it may, the requests b y dealers for a solitary terminal constrained Visa and MasterCard to change this arrangement, so they permitted traders to process their cards utilizing other broadly useful card systems, yet charged shippers higher expenses for utilizing non-Visa/MasterCard organize frameworks. Despite the fact that Visa and MasterCard balanced their situation on a solitary terminal handling framework, the Department of Justice examination uncovered Visa MasterCard still stayed in charge of 85% of the market power; leaving almost no pieces of the overall industry to American Express who had just 5% and Discover/Novus with 8.5%. Visa and MasterCard instituted a few exclusionary rehearses that limited rivalry. For instance, they denied banks from during business with other broadly useful card systems; disallowed American Express and Discover/Novus access to their ATM machines for loans; and ended any part bank that gave American Express and Discover/Novus card systems. Section into the universally useful card organize advertise is a troublesome undertaking inside itself. The capacity of makers to set up new financial cards and system framework requires enormous ventures and the accomplishment in the market relies on the buyers eagerness to acknowledge and utilize the item. Visa and MasterCard further entangle matters, by actualizing hostile to serious polices that harmed rivalry, and expanded participants costs. Part banks limited basic serious activities that were created by Visa and MasterCard the executives

Sales Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Deals - Case Study Example Comparative is the situation at Shields where another chief driving a business group that is confronting issues in tolerating company’s new deals strategy (which is in accordance with that of its primary rival) that is to produce deals through huge records as opposed to a few little ones as done before. Continuation with a similar strategy of executing the new arrangement over the business group may bring about more droops in deals amount and expanded drop outs that would bring about blunder of the current records consequently further decrease in deal level. Synopsis of the Facts Shield is an Insurance organization that gives tweaked protection and hazard the executives projects to all estimate of business endeavors. Shield is an outcome arranged organization. Their principle objective is benefit expansion through expanded deals income. Following the strides of its significant rival the higher administration chose to actualize another business technique in particular First-Plu s to expand incomes by getting bigger records. Preparing of new directors done in hypothetical way through manuals in just 5 days time frame. Preparing including significantly of presenting First-Plus another arrangement for deals instead of how to deal with a business group adequately just as proficiently.

Mood Lability and Borderline Personality Disorder

Mood Lability and Borderline Personality Disorder BPD Print Mood Lability and Borderline Personality Disorder By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 26, 2019 Noel Hendrickson/DigitalVision/Getty Images More in BPD Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Related Conditions People with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are often described as having mood lability. Mood lability is an emotional response that is irregular or out of proportion to the situation at hand. It is associated with severe mood swings, intense reactions, and dramatic changes in opinions and feelings. Understanding the Scope of Mood Lability Mood lability is often evidenced by destructive or harmful behaviors. Those actions can include angry tantrums or screaming, destroying objects, aggression or violence towards others, and self-harm. The responses can occur seemingly out of nowhere, triggered in seconds. Mood lability is present in people with various mental illnesses, including bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and BPD. Because of how disruptive mood lability can be, it can inhibit daily life and functioning. This may include harming interpersonal relationships and careers. Symptoms of Mood Lability With BPD Many of the symptoms of BPD involve difficulties in managing or regulating emotions. This highlights the role of mood lability in BPD. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illnesses, 5th edition â€"  the reference manual mental health professionals use â€"  BPDs criteria outlines several difficulties with emotions, including: Emotional Lability: Those with BPD experience unstable emotions and frequent mood swings. Emotions are easily triggered and are typically inappropriate or disproportionate to the circumstances.Anxiety: People with BPD may display symptoms of intense anxiety, even seeing things in a distorted light. For instance, they may think theyre going to fail or mess up even when they are well prepared. This can lead to serious paranoia and stress.Insecurity: Often, those with BPD are insecure in interpersonal relationships. They regularly assume that other people will leave them or reject them, leading to constant worrying and the need for reassurance.Impulsiveness: In response to some sort of stimulus, people with BPD often respond erratically and may engage in dangerous behaviors. This can even include self-harm when confronted with times of stress. Many people with BPD cycle between emotions rapidly. In the morning, they may be happy, full of energy, and optimistic. As the day progresses, they can become despondent, depressed, and express feelings of hopelessness. Particularly in the case of mood lability in people with BPD, the effects of the outbursts can last much longer than in other people. Thats because those with BPD tend to have heightened emotional states, to begin with. This longer-lasting effect can make managing mood lability all the more difficult. Treatment The heavy mood swings associated with mood lability and BPD can be extremely disruptive. It may keep people from being able to manage their daily routines. Routine functions can become more difficult, requiring intervention. However, BPD and mood lability can be treated. If you have BPD, its important to look for a therapist or healthcare professional who specializes in emotional regulation and personality disorders. Engaging in psychotherapy will help you learn how to manage your emotions and urges in a healthy way. From learning new coping skills to better understanding your emotional triggers, you will be prepared to handle all aspects of your mood lability. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

The Tools of Empire Essay - 717 Words

Looking back over the millennium now ending, one question in particular stands out: how did the inhabitants of Western Europe, a backwater in the year 1000AD, manage to gain economic and military dominance over much of the globe? Not so long ago, the answers to this question seemed obvious: Europeans were racially superior, and besides, God wanted them to win. As historians have shed race-driven and providential views of human history, new explanations have had to be formulated. Some of these new explanations are surprising; most of them conflict at some point with each other. Imperialism has been linked to multiple theories of the actual origins of the imperialistic Headrick uses the argument that technology made the creation of empire a†¦show more content†¦One of the most important tools in this phase was the steamer. These were ships that were equipped with a low pressure steam engine that drove a paddle wheel by converting the steam energy into kinetic energy, the energy of motion. The first steamers into India were two ships known as the Diana and the Pluto. These ships were brought in to be used as pleasure steamers for Nawab of Oudh (Hedrick 19). This ship was then commandeered by the British during their war with the Burmese in 1824. The Diana was the greatest investment the British could have acquired, it used its engines to pull sailing ships into lines and its loud cannons and fiery engines struck fear into the heart of their enemies. During this time the Select Committee on Steam Navigation to India was formed. The purpose of this committee was to recommend plans to British investors. The committee questioned three people, T homas Love Peacock, Francis Rawdon Chesney, and Macgregor Laird. The committee asked each experienced witness to share with them the fastest and most economical route to India. It was decided that the British would back both the Egyptian and Mesopotamian overland routes. The British then had another need to call on the power of the steamboat during the first Opium War in 1839. This war was started when the British kept smuggling Opium to China. The East India Company, who had had power over there for years felt, threatened when theShow MoreRelatedHan and Roman Attitudes Toward Technology Essay618 Words   |  3 PagesThe Han and Roman Empires were extremely important empires during the time of their existence. The Han Empire began around 206 BCE and ended at around 220 CE. The Roman Empire began at around 27 BCE and broke apart into two halves, the West falling in 476 and the East collapsing in 1453. The Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire have different outlooks on technology, the H an Dynasty view technology as a practical application used to ease the workload of people, while the Roman Empire views certain technologyRead MoreHow Did The Technology Of Roman Empire Impact It?1741 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Roman Empire started to gain strength. They broke treaties and conquered neighboring countries. They revised battle tactics, weapons, legions, but mostly technology to emerge as an undisputed leader of the Mediterranean. The Roman Empire was eager to find new ways, new technology, to help the empire grow beyond imaginable. Arches, military weapons, and basic technology were all created by the Empire. However, the question trying to be answered is, â€Å"How did the technology of Roman Empire impact itRead MoreProctor Essay 2816 Words   |  4 Pagesthe reign of Constantine I and the establishment of the Byzantine Empire, the Eastern Christian church became a tool of the Emperors. Byzantine Emperors and Empresses played a dominant role in the Eastern church a nd used the Christian religion to strengthen the Empire internally, to spread Byzantine cultural and political influence, and at times, to fortify their own power† The development of christianity under the empire undoubtedly changed the relation between the political and spiritualRead MoreMongols Essay815 Words   |  4 PagesThe Mongolian Empire The Mongols, which were one of the greatest empires of their time, had unique traits which made them successful. They are vastly known for their military tactics, that led them to prosper. Wrapped up in a single word the Mongols were unstoppable. These remarkable people left an imprint on history to show it is possible to rise above even the harshest conditions. The Mongolian empire was successful due to their vast understanding of how to conquer an empire, dealing withRead MoreThe Han Dynasty And Roman Empire1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe Han Dynasty and Roman Empire, though worlds away, used technology as one of their building elements to create the great societies we know them as today. Through the documents provided, one can easily understand that both Roman and Han attitudes have both similar and different attitudes when it comes to the idea of technology. Although the usage of technology greatly differed between the Han Dynasty and Roman Empire, both civilizations experienced the positive and negative effects that technologyRead MoreThe Roman Empire1551 Words   |  7 PagesStep 1: Plan What kind of technology in the Roman Empire affect its growth the most? I will be investigating from the start of the Roman Empire in 753 BCE to when the Western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE. This investigation will have a broad scope while investigating and include things from the Roman Legion to aqueducts and concrete. This investigation will not include technology that was not widely used to better the Roman Empire. The research question will answer my question by conducting researchRead MoreThe Aztecs Werelocated In Mexico, Built On A Series Of1180 Words   |  5 Pagesultimate power in the land. They felt that he was appointed by the gods and had the divine right to rule.The Aztecs had no iron or bronze with which to make their tools and weapons. Therefore, the ancient Aztec people had to develop a means for creating effective tools and weapons without the benefit of these metals. For this reason, many Aztec tools were made with obsidian and chert.Invaders led by the Spanish c onquistador Hernan Cortes overthrew the Aztecs by force and captured Tenochtitlan in 1521, bringingRead MoreThe Religious Conversions of King Clovis I and Emperor Constantine I738 Words   |  3 PagesI. Constantine I was born in the year 280. During his reign as emperor of the Roman Empire, the state was falling apart. 1 He was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. He called the Council of Nicea in 325 to resolve conflicts arising between the Arian Christians and the Athansian Christians. 2 This resulted in the canonization of Athansian Christianity, to which Constantine I converted his empire. 3Clovis I was born in the year 466, he was the king of the Franks and ruled Gaul forRead MorePhotography During Colonial Afric An Indispensable Tool That Provided Justification For Colonial Rule920 Words   |  4 Pages Photography in colonial Africa provided vulnerable visual texts that trapped Africans in space and time1. This art became an indispensable tool th at provided justification for instituting colonization in Africa. During that time period, photography became a mechanism for constraining Africans and their surroundings to the idea of primitiveness, devoid of any progress towards ‘modernity’. Equally important, colonial photography, if not always, took a distanced approach in capturing AfricansRead MoreHistory Of The World. Arguement: Throughout All Of Human1642 Words   |  7 Pagesperiod, humans grouped together in small societies such as tribes, and survived by gathering plants and hunting wild animals.The Paleolithic is characterized by the use of stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Humankind gradually evolved from early members of humanity, who used simple stone tools. They transformed into fully behaviorally and religious modern humans or Homo sapiens during the Paleolithic era. During the end of the Paleolithic Revolution or the Upper Paleolithic

Responses to the Doctrine of Mind-Brain Identity Essay...

Responses to the Doctrine of Mind-Brain Identity To be in pain is, for example, is to have ones c-fibres, or more likely a-fibres, firing in the central nervous system; to believe that broccoli will kill you is to have ones B(bk)-fibres firing, and so on. The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy:Chapter 5 Philosophy of Mind by William G. Lycan The theory or doctrine of mind-brain identity, as its name implies, denies the claim of dualists that mind and brain (or consciousness and matter) are distinct substances. The tradition of dualism, whose clear-cut foundations laid by Rene Descartes (1596-1650) were built upon during succeeding centuries, sharply distinguishes between the stuff of consciousness and the stuff of matter.†¦show more content†¦Scientific investigation by the rules of its own procedures is limited to the study of the physical, the spatial, the quantifiable, and thus can never come into contact with the non-physical, the mental. This is the doctrine which the mind-brain identity theory denies and seeks to refute. Its counter-claim is that mind and brain are one and the same entity, in short, that mental states are brain states. Why, then, from this perspective, has the dualist been mistaken? He may have been confused into believing that one thing is two things by the fact that it has two names. For example, while the Morning Star and the Evening Star appear by their different names to denote different things, in fact, astronomical studies reveal them to be the same (in fact, the planet Venus). Water is a different name from H20 but there is no difference at all in the physical substance which both names label. Scientific research has revealed previously hidden identities: that the temperature of a gas is the mean kinetic energy of its molecules; that light is electromagnetic radiation. In a similar way research in neuroscience is expected to show that the sound of a vacuum cleaner, a pang of hunger, the tast e of mustard are nothing more or less than the firing of certain neurons. The identity theory is not concerned to find neural correlations for mental states for brain states are everything that is meant by mental states. When I complain of a pain, then, whether or not IShow MoreRelatedThe Mind And Body Problem1443 Words   |  6 Pagesnormal human brain. Body: It is reasonable to think that the patient has the usual range of mental states because she is behaviourally indistinguishable from a normal human. Behaviours make mental states more evidentially obvious than knowing the brain state of a patient or if they have a Cartesian soul or not. Doctor 4 provides the argument that since the patient is behaviourally indistinguishable from a normal human, she has the usual range of mental states. 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The doctrine essentially proposes that types (or kinds, or classes) of mental states (M) are identical with types (or kinds, or classes) of physical states (P) such that M=P. Advocates of this theory propose that this assertion is a dependent element in regards to the nature of the mind andRead MoreEssay on Consciousness As Determined Th1030 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosopher John Locke as quot;the perception of what passes in a man’s own mindquot;.1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Consciousness is defined and perceived differently in many psychological view points. For instance the earlier views around the 19th century was diversely considered. Most perceived consciousness as a substance or quot;mental stuffquot; unlike an object from the physical world. Others deferred that the conscious mind was what separated man from lower forms of life. 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You must never despair of human nature.† In Chinese culture, too, humans had long been considered to be essentially good, under the idealistic doctrines of ConfuciusRead MoreLife after Death, Reincarnation, Resurrection and Immortality of the Soul1735 Words   |  7 Pages claim to be someone else reborn and to remember the previous life. Let us consider some of the most serious objections that are raised against reincarnation. The first has to do with the equivocal nature of the evidence for the doctrine. Such phenomena as instincts, child prodigies, love at first sight, and dà ©jà   vu are sometimes said to be evidence for reincarnation, but they have little probative value, since it is quite possible to give convincing explanations of these Read MoreThe Effects Of Administering Advantages Of Medications1682 Words   |  7 Pagesexperimentation on animals, the results of medication given is likely to produce the same effects in human as in animals. Moreover, the experimentations are normally conducted in animals with abnormal production of the animal body part such as the brain, kidney, heart and other organs. Medications can also be administered subcutaneously, these medications in human are given underneath the skin. For example, when humans are being tested for tuberculosis, they are given an injection slightly underneathRead MoreTraumatic Effects And Responses Of The United States2866 Words   |  12 PagesTraumatic Effects and Responses Abstract There have been growing cases of traumatic effects and responses in the United States. While most agree that this increasing incident deserves concrete attention, consensus dissolves around how to handle the difficulties of handling traumatic effects and responses. This research paper will discuss the traumatic effects and responses with its related difficulties and treatment options with the inclusion of biblical concepts and principles. From a medical perspectiveRead MoreAggression Is a Basic Instinct in Animal While Its a Learned Behaviour in Human Being1757 Words   |  8 Pagesinherent inclination of a living organism toward a particular complex behavior. The simplest example of an instinctive behavior is a fixed action pattern, in which a very short to medium length sequence of actions, without variation, are carried out in response to a clearly defined stimulus. An instinctive behavior of shaking water from wet fur. A baby leatherback turtle makes its way to the open ocean Any behavior is instinctive if it is performed without being based upon prior experience (that

Themes in the Crucible Free Essays

Jacob Fallin Mrs. James English III 22 November 2010 Themes in The Crucible In my essay I’m going to be talking about the themes in The Crucible. â€Å"Saving your image is not worth the lives of innocent people. We will write a custom essay sample on Themes in the Crucible or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Danforth did not want to postpone the hanging because he doesn’t want to look weak in Salem. So to look powerful he showed no mercy, didn’t not postpone the hangings, and so people with respect him in all ways. â€Å"Lies may be truth, and truth may be lies. † Said by John Proctor, innocent persons knew the truth while Abigail said that they were working with the devil.So who is going to believe who? That is what happens danforth does not believe the innocent, but the liers. â€Å"It’s better to fail with honor than succeed as a fraud. † John Proctor died knowing the truth while Abigail ran away from the innocent lives that she took from good people and she did that with her life of lies, and gets away from everything that happened to all the innocent people that died for telling the truth and not doing witchcraft but was accused for it and then was hanged if did not confess.Jacob2 â€Å"When good men do nothing, evil can triumph. † If people in Salem said that Abigail and the other girls were lying they could have had a chance for the innocent to live. But only one person stood up for himself and the innocent [John Proctor] and he was hanged for not confessing to witchcraft which he was innocent but since he said â€Å"I am not with god. † â€Å"A lie told often enough becomes the truth. †Abigail and all the other girls, which said the same thing over and over again that was â€Å"so and so used witchcraft† and Judge Danforth believed Abigail and all the other girls which caused several death of innocent people like Corey Giles who was pressed to death they did that cause, so it soon became the truth to the court. Whoever was accused was going to get hanged unless the confessed and there were a few that did confess, and will be remembered by being known for doing witchcraft but the ones that didn’t confess were hanged, the last two people that hanged and did not confess was Rebecca Nurse ,and John Proctor. One error can lead up to many errors. † It all started because of Abigail and John’s relationship, that’s when the witch trials and hangings occurred. All of this could have not started if John had not had the affair with Abigail and gave her hope that they would one day be together and she still though that john and her would soon be together because his wife was accused. How to cite Themes in the Crucible, Papers

Review of Literature on Training and Development free essay sample

Three major approaches to training evaluation: quality ascription, quality assessment and quality control are highlighted. In order to enhance the effectiveness of training, evaluation should be integrated with organizational life. (Phillip C. Wright, 1992): Reports on a study of current and past training literature which suggests that, to be effective and to isolate both training needs and those problems having other, non-trainable solutions, training must be preceded by a needs analysis. Proposes a needs assessment model to illustrate an optimum needs assessment process, and compares this model with the Ontario Governments. Farhad Analoui 1995): Traditionally, the effectiveness of the senior officials within the public sector has been disproportionately associated with task instead of people-related skills. A study of 74 senior managers within Indian Railways, over three years, has revealed that managers, in order to become effective, not only require task and people skills but als o self-development knowledge and skills. Moreover, the above broad categories of managerial skills form a hierarchy which suggests that the more senior positions which managers occupy, the greater the need for people and self-development. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Literature on Training and Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Explores the implications of the above for senior management training and development in public sector briefly. (Joe Perdue, Jack D. Ninemeier, Robert H. Woods, 2002): Describes a study undertaken to assess how private club managers perceive the relative effectiveness of alternative training methods to attain specific types of training objectives. Data were obtained from 123 club managers who were members of the Club Managers Association of America. Participants rated the effectiveness of 16 alternate training methods for potential use in six different types of training situations. Training methods studied included case study, video-tape, lecture, one-to-one, role play, games, computer simulations, paper and pencil, audiotapes, self-assessment, movies/films, multi-media, audio, computer and video conferencing and sensitivity training. Training objectives studied were knowledge acquisition, changing attitudes, problem solving, interpersonal skill development, participant acceptance and knowledge retention. Analysis of data indicated that one-to-one training is the preferred method to attain all objectives except interpersonal skill development. (Diarmuid De Faoite, Colette Henry, 2002): Discusses the importance of proving the effectiveness of training. Effectiveness is the primary motive for training. Describes ways to evaluate training’s effectiveness, behavior changes on the job being the most important. Defines an approach whereby individuals can see how they have changed and quantify the amount of change. (Diarmuid De Faoite, Colette Henry, Kate Johnston, Peter van der Sijde, 2003): A growing body of academic research has examined the effectiveness of entrepreneurship training and support initiatives, with recent studies focusing on the provision of training and other skills development opportunities. An important theme that has emerged from this work is the failure of many programmes and initiatives to take on board the particular needs of the entrepreneurs in developing training and support systems. (Kate Johnston, Peter van der Sijde, 2003): Successfully measuring effectiveness in management training and development can be a difficult task. Design of a valid measurement programmed should include evaluation in key areas; including emotional reaction and knowledge gain measured after training interventions. Behavioral change and organizational impact measurements should be used on a longer time horizon o evaluate the progress and currency of the management development programme. Finally, research shows that maintaining a balance of the above measurements is the final key to success in measuring the effectiveness of management training and development. (Gary D. Geroy, 2004): A common approach towards enhancing managerial effectiveness is to focus attention on improving the knowled ge and skill of the manager, (Ogundeji, 2004) the gap between evaluation theory and practice is a serious problem for training in industry and business[1]. A recent literature review of the summative evaluation on training noted: (Clinton O. Longenecker, Laurence S. Fink, 2005): Effective management training and consequences of ineffective training programs. Design/methodology/approach – Seasoned managers (278) working in rapidly changing organizations were surveyed on issues related to management training. Findings – Content analyses revealed a number of specific benefits associated with management training. Conversely, managers identified a series of problems caused by ineffective management training. (Ching-Yaw Chen, Phyra Sok, Keomony Sok, 2007): Purpose – A previous study found that the quality of education in Cambodia is poor compared to other developing countries. However, the working performance of commercial banks in Cambodia is high. It was speculated that effective training was the main factor underlying this contradiction. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to explore the elements of training conducted by commercial banks in Cambodia and to examine their relationship with training effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach – The research focuses on six factors: training needs assessment; training program; flexibility of training; self-efficacy; social support; and transfer of knowledge. The data came in the form of questionnaires and desk research.